RCE Endeavors 😅

July 8, 2015

Code Snippet: Safe Objects

Filed under: General x86,General x86-64,Programming — admin @ 8:05 PM

I’ve found that one of the annoying things with using the Windows API is that there is (usually) no automatic cleanup of opened handles. For example, most functions that open a handle, i.e. OpenProcess, CreateFile, LoadLibrary, etc., return back an opaque pointer to you that you are required to close when you’re done using it. This act of closing the handle is usually done with the generic CloseHandle function, or with another specific cleanup function mentioned in the documentation, i.e. FreeLibrary for the handle returned by LoadLibrary.

This is the traditional C way of doing things, but I found that it can be improved a bit by using RAII with C++. The idea is to have a wrapper class that contains the underlying handle type and performs a cleanup when when the lifetime of the object is finished. Thus was born the prototype code for a safe object:

namespace AutoClean
{
 
    namespace SafeObjectCleanupFnc
    {
        bool ClnCloseHandle(const HANDLE &handle) { return BOOLIFY(CloseHandle(handle)); };
        bool ClnFreeLibrary(const HMODULE &handle) { return BOOLIFY(FreeLibrary(handle)); };
        bool ClnLocalFree(const HLOCAL &handle) { return (LocalFree(handle) == nullptr); };
        bool ClnGlobalFree(const HGLOBAL &handle) { return (GlobalFree(handle) == nullptr); };
        bool ClnUnmapViewOfFile(const PVOID &handle) { return BOOLIFY(UnmapViewOfFile(handle)); };
        bool ClnCloseDesktop(const HDESK &handle) { return BOOLIFY(CloseDesktop(handle)); };
        bool ClnCloseWindowStation(const HWINSTA &handle) { return BOOLIFY(CloseWindowStation(handle)); };
        bool ClnCloseServiceHandle(const SC_HANDLE &handle) { return BOOLIFY(CloseServiceHandle(handle)); };
        bool ClnVirtualFree(const PVOID &handle) { return BOOLIFY(VirtualFree(handle, 0, MEM_RELEASE)); };
    }
 
    template <typename T, bool (* Cleanup)(const T &), PVOID InvalidValue>
    class SafeObject final
    {
    public:
        SafeObject() : m_obj{ obj }
        {
        }
 
        SafeObject(const SafeObject &copy) = delete;
 
        SafeObject(const T &obj) : m_obj{ obj }
        {
        }
 
        SafeObject(const SafeObject &&obj)
        {
            *this = std::move(obj);
        }
 
        ~SafeObject()
        {
            if (IsValid())
            {
                (void)Cleanup(m_obj);
            }
        }
 
        const bool IsValid() const
        {
            return m_obj != (T)InvalidValue;
        }
 
        SafeObject &operator=(const SafeObject &copy) = delete;
 
        SafeObject &operator=(SafeObject &&obj)
        {
            if (IsValid())
            {
                (void)Cleanup(m_obj);
            }
 
            m_obj = std::move(obj.m_obj);
            obj.m_obj = InvalidValue;
 
            return *this;
        }
 
        T * const Ptr()
        {
            return &m_obj;
        }
 
        const T operator()() const
        {
            return m_obj;
        }
 
    private:
        T m_obj;
    };
 
    using SafeHandle = SafeObject<HANDLE, SafeObjectCleanupFnc::ClnCloseHandle, INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE>;
    using SafeLibrary = SafeObject<HMODULE, SafeObjectCleanupFnc::ClnFreeLibrary, nullptr>;
    using SafeLocal = SafeObject<HLOCAL, SafeObjectCleanupFnc::ClnLocalFree, nullptr>;
    using SafeGlobal = SafeObject<HGLOBAL, SafeObjectCleanupFnc::ClnGlobalFree, nullptr>;
    using SafeMapView = SafeObject<PVOID, SafeObjectCleanupFnc::ClnUnmapViewOfFile, nullptr>;
    using SafeDesktop = SafeObject<HDESK, SafeObjectCleanupFnc::ClnCloseDesktop, nullptr>;
    using SafeWindowStation = SafeObject<HWINSTA, SafeObjectCleanupFnc::ClnCloseWindowStation, nullptr>;
    using SafeService = SafeObject<SC_HANDLE, SafeObjectCleanupFnc::ClnCloseServiceHandle, nullptr>;
    using SafeVirtual = SafeObject<PVOID, SafeObjectCleanupFnc::ClnVirtualFree, nullptr>;
}

This is a basic object that supports assignment and moves. Copying in this example code has been disabled since it introduces a lot of extra bookkeeping, but can be can with the use of DuplicateHandle. A sample usage of this code is shown below:

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    AutoClean::SafeHandle handle1 = CreateFile(L"testfile1.txt", GENERIC_READ, 0, nullptr,
        OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, nullptr);
 
    AutoClean::SafeHandle handle2 = CreateFile(L"testfile2.txt", GENERIC_READ, 0, nullptr,
        OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, nullptr);
 
    fprintf(stderr, "Handle 1: %X\n"
        "Handle 2: %X\n",
        handle1(), handle2());
 
    handle1 = std::move(handle2);
 
    fprintf(stderr, "Handle 1: %X\n"
        "Handle 2: %X\n",
        handle1(), handle2());
 
    return 0;
}

The Visual Studio 2015 RC project for this example can be found here. The source code is viewable on Github here.

Edit: Added some additional features to the example code per requests via Twitter.

Follow on Twitter for more updates.

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